Interactive Shaping of Granular Media with Reinforcement Learning
* Corresponding author
University of Bonn
IEEE-RAS International Conference on Humanoid Robots (Humanoids), 2025

Abstract

Autonomous manipulation of granular media, such as sand, is crucial for applications in construction, excavation, and additive manufacturing. However, shaping granular materials presents unique challenges due to their high-dimensional configuration space and complex dynamics, where traditional rule-based approaches struggle without extensive engineering efforts. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a promising alternative by enabling agents to learn adaptive manipulation strategies through trial and error. In this work, we present an RL framework that enables a robotic arm with a cubic end-effector and a stereo camera to shape granular media into desired target structures. We show the importance of compact observations and concise reward formulations for the large configuration space, validating our design choices with an ablation study. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for the training of visual policies that manipulate granular media including their real-world deployment, outperforming two baseline approaches.

Simulation Deployment

Our approach demonstrates reliable manipulation of the granular medium with a wide range of goal shapes. In the end of each run, the desired goal shape is visible within the medium. The videos show the simulated render view (left), the reconstructed height map (center), and the goal height map (right).

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Real World Deployment

Deployed to the real robotic system, our approach successfully creates the desired goal shape in the granular medium. The video shows an external camera view (left), the reconstructed height map (center), and the goal height map (right).

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